Designing the flexible investment strategies for maximizing returns under spatial variation and considering uncertainty in beef cattle investment decision-making are vital. Therefore, the objectives of the study were (i) To explore the real options and its values spatially for beef cattle investments in Turkey, and (ii) To evaluate the adequacy of government support for beef cattle investment spatially. Research data were collected from randomly selected 385 beef cattle farms by using questionnaires. The valuation of real options was assessed by using Binomial Valuation, Black-Scholes Method and Monte Carlo simulation. Tornado diagram was used for exploring sensitivity of decision variables for beef cattle investment. The results of the research showed that the classical Net Present Value (NPV) value was -200.82 thousand US $. The NPV values of the options of wait, expand, and input-output change for the beef cattle investment were US $102.37 thousand, 43.87 thousand, and 24.50 thousand, respectively. The research findings also showed that the value of real options and adequacy of government subsidies varied spatially. Based on the resuts of the sensitivity analysis, the most important variables affecting the investor's decision are carcass meat price, yield rate, capacity utilization rate, and fattening feed price, respectively. The research suggests that policy makers should consider the spatial distribution of investment subsidies and policies to the specific needs of different regions to increase efficiency of investment support policy.

One of the most important economic policies in most countries is to support producers or consumers through subsidies. The category of green subsidies has been proposed in the direction of agricultural development, which is in line with the law on targeted subsidies, but in a real way. Green subsidies belong to farmers and are used to boost business and industry in the agricultural sector. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Iran's accession to the World Trade Organization by applying a simulated green subsidy policy on the variables of employment, investment, and value added in the agricultural sector, which is designed in the form of 20%, 50% and 100% scenarios. The model was calibrated using the social accounting matrix of 2011 and the baseline scenario (0% of green subsidies). GAMS software was used to analyze the data in this research. The results show an increase in employment in the agricultural sector during the effects of Iran's accession to the World Trade Organization and by applying the green subsidy simulation policy, in 20, 50 and 100% scenarios. Also, the implementation of green subsidy policy has led to an increase in investment in the agricultural sector. This is due to the increased production in this sector and as a result, increase in the use of intermediate inputs. The results obtained from the mentioned shocks show that value added in the agricultural sector has an upward trend, which is due to the increase in the use of factors of production in this sector.

Due to the stochastic nature of wind energy, allocating an appropriate investment incentive for wind generation technology (WGT) is a complicated issue. We propose an improvement on the traditional incentive, known as capacity payment mechanism (CPM), to reward the wind generators based on their performance exogenously affected by the wind energy potential of the location where the turbines are installed, and therefore, lead the investments towards locations with more generation potential. In CPM, a part of investment cost of each generator is recovered through fixed payments. However, in our proposal, wind generators are rewarded according to dynamic forecasts of the wind energy potential of the wind farm where they are located. We use an auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) model to forecast the wind speed fluctuations in long-term while capturing the auto-correlation of wind velocity variation in consecutive time intervals. Using the system dynamics (SD) modelling approach a competitive electricity market is designed to examine the efficiency of the proposed incentive. Performing a simulation analysis, we conclude that while a fixed CPM for wind generation can decrease the loss of load durations and average prices in long-term, the proposed improvement can provide quite similar results more efficiently.

The relation between subsidies in one hand growth and poverty reduction in other hand is an important debate among the economists and policy makers. This article, at first, gives a picture to this debate and challenge, between Neo-Clasic and structure-Institutional approaches.Then tries to evaluate their explanatory Sufficiency in economies such as Iranian economy by emphases on the historical experience of adjustment and structural policies which have been implemented during past years in many developing countries.

Political parties in current democracies are considered as the fundamental institutions which have various functions such as expressing the will of citizens, forming awareness, introducing the election candidates and providing the government’s future plans. In recent decades, due to the reluctance among people for joining political parties, their financial resources have decreased. Therefore financing parties from state resources has been put forward as an alternative but such idea has faced oppositions. This article introduces the direct and indirect general financing programs of political parties and also examines opponents and adherents views in descriptive and analytical manner as well as the necessity of parties’ financing. The finding of this contribution indicates that protection and safeguarding of human rights, legitimacy and effectiveness of the government, depends on state aids to the parties.

This paper focuses on strategic trade policy in the form of export subsidies in Cournot duopoly structure for differentiated goods. Export subsidies affect social welfare in both static and dynamic situations, and the aim of this paper is to analyze and compare the welfare effects of export subsidies in one-period and multi-period games in differentiated goods markets. To analyze the welfare effects of export subsidies, a two-stage game of complete but inperfect information is considered. In the first stage, two governments determine the amount of export subsidies and in the second stage, two firms determine the product level. The results show that, given that the firms’ competitiveness do not differ so much, export subsidies by both governments increase the firms’ profits and decrease social welfare of both countries. In an infinitely repeated game with different discount factors for both countries, and by adopting trigger strategy, we create some conditions, in which both governments commit free trade. However, if the competitiveness of one firm is so greater than the other, free trade using trigger strategy is not stable and the country with more competitive firm has incentive to deviate.

Crime as a social and human phenomenon is affected by all dimensions of human life. The economic policies of the government that also have an impact on the lives of different groups of people will have direct and indirect effects on the general model of offense. These policies on the one hand have reduced some of the criminogenic crimes and on the other hand prepare the way for new crimes and a new range of offenders and crime victims. Targeted subsidies Act, as well as the most important social policy after the Islamic Revolution, although according to the governments, are seeking social justice and social welfare of the people, however, there are such laws that because of micro and macro-economic developments have followed, have faced criminologists to unknown horizons. Eliminating energy and staples subsidies and liberalizing and commodity prices and cash subsidies, while creating economic challenges such as inflation, unemployment, are facing a large group of people to challenge of living, and consequently, has add fuel to some crimes and in particular economy crime like robbery and hoarding. So according to deep causality between crime and economic conditions, it is essential to use deliberate measures to reduce the consequences of Act causing offense and preventing the delinquencies causing them, resorting to social prevention measures. This article examines the role of economic conditions as a negative effect of cash subsidies, in order to explain causing offense measures of Targeted subsidies Act.